Category: Media Critique

These blog posts analyze books, movies, and other media in the cyberpunk genre.

To Be or Not to Be Human?

Olivia S.
Reading Time: 3 minutes

What does it really mean to be human? Is it emotions? Is it compassion and empathy? Many writers and artists alike have explored this in the realm of cyberpunk, specifically focusing on transhumanism. Transhumanism is the philosophical movement that advocates for human advancement through technological means, enhancing human cognition and biological capabilities. Two works, Bladerunner and Neuromancer, explore the boundaries of humanity through the idea of transhumanism. Bladerunner, a 1982 film directed by Ridley Scott, uses androids called “replicants” to explore what it means to be human through their interactions with a police officer, Deckard, who hunts replicants. Throughout the movie, we see how his connections humanize the replicants that society views as monstrous machines. For example, Deckard develops a romantic relationship with a replicant named Rachael, who was created to have feelings. Throughout the movie, the main argument against replicants was that they did not have emotions and never would due to their short lifespans. However, Rachael broke this mold because she had emotions from the memories she was programmed with. These memories also prevented her from knowing she was a replicant, and she experienced sadness when she discovered it. These emotions caused Deckard to see another side to the replicants he had been hunting for years. He replaced his hate with pity and, in Rachael’s case, love. The absence of humanity in the replicants is also challenged because, throughout the film, the other replicants actually do have some emotion. They fear their impending death and have a strong sense of loyalty and compassion for one another. Roy and the other replicants ruthlessly hurt and betrayed the humans they utilized to get more information to extend their lives, but they did it because they were afraid of losing everything they had done in their time alive. This is what Roy explains in the end to Deckard before he ultimately dies.

Mukhisa Kituyi, Secretary-General of United Nations Conference Trade And Development (UNCTAD) with Sophia during the Word Investment Forum 2018. 22 october 2018. UN Photo/Jean Marc Ferré. his file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic license.

     Neuromancer is a novel written by William Gibson in 1984 that explores the story of a hacker named Case, who is tasked with helping a mysterious man named Armitage by targeting an artificial intelligence in exchange for fixing his nervous system. The novel explores transhumanism and humanity in many ways. One example is, of course, Case himself. Before his surgery, Case felt detached from his physical, human body. Throughout that time, he describes himself as “a dead man” who is trapped in a “meat” body. He feels more connected and alive in cyberspace, but this doesn’t strip him of his humanity. He relies on machines and technology to fully feel like himself while hating his physical form. This idea directly pushes against the ideas of humanism, which advocate for humans and the human form being the pinnacle of the universe. Furthermore, Gibson highlights the boundaries of humanity in the characteristics of Wintermute, the AI that was being targeted. Throughout the book, we see how its goal is to merge with Neuromancer to overcome its limitations, and it manipulates humans like Case, Molly, and Armitage to try to achieve that. Wintermute’s manipulation raises questions about its sentience and intelligence, which are akin to traits of humanity. Wintermute also seems to have motives and ambitions, which are also very common amongst humanity and further humanize it. Wintermute’s character challenges the notion of what constitutes consciousness and whether being alive is confined to organic life or extends to artificial life. This humanization of technology, specifically artificial intelligence, is now becoming a reality and can be further explored in this article by Medium.

Quest for Identity

Juleette A.
Reading Time: 2 minutes

In 1982, Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner posed the question of the essence of humanity through the use of replicants which are lifelike androids whose creators were not able to strongly define their personhood. Two years later, William Gibson’s Neuromancer expanded the question into the digital landscape, where the human experience is processed through the logic of artificial intelligences and the vastness of cyberspace. Both works confront humans with a daunting truth: the more boundaries are pushed with technology, the blurrier the line between human and machine becomes.

For example, in the movie Blade Runner, the film revolves around Rick Deckard, a man tasked with “retiring” replicants—beings indistinguishable from humans except for their lack of biological birth. The replicants, especially Roy Batty, question the nature of their existence. Roy’s final monologue, also known as the “Tears in Rain” speech, reveals an inner life so rich that the audience is left wondering: If Roy can feel, dream, and regret, what truly separates him from us? His desire for more life, more time, echoes a fundamentally human fear—the fear of mortality.

On the other hand, in Neuromancer, Case, the protagonist, navigates the dark, shadowy digital landscape of cyberspace. Cyberspace is a place where the human consciousness can be uploaded, manipulated, even fractured. Much like replicants in Blade Runner, Case is caught between worlds, between the flesh and blood reality of his being and the virtual existence he embraces in the matrix. The AIs that Case interacts with such as Wintermute, defy the boundaries of human understanding, presenting a new kind of entity that is both more and less than human. This journey through cyber space forces Case to tackle the fragmentation of identity, where personal freedom is lost in digital manipulation.

Both works converge on one profound idea: that artificial beings, whether replicants or AIs, are mirrors held up to humanity. Blade Runner makes this personal, focusing on the individual quest for identity, while Neuromancer explores the more abstract implications of consciousness and freedom in a digital age. However, in both, the question remains what makes us human? Is it our memories and emotions, or the mere fact of being alive? In these dystopian futures, technology doesn’t just shape society; it reshapes the very concept of personhood. As we navigate our digital age, where AI grows ever more sophisticated and the boundaries between our real and virtual lives blur, the questions posed by Blade Runner and Neuromancer feel more relevant than ever.

I,Human?

Micah W.
Reading Time: 2 minutes

In both pieces of cyberpunk Blade Runner and Neuromancer question what it means to be human through the depiction of modern-day technology with beings that aren’t necessarily human but robots. The contrast, however, is how the Blade Runner and the Neuromancer approach whether it is acceptable to be an advanced being.

In Blade Runner, society is filled with advanced technology. Therefore, you would think replicants would be an aspect of their culture. However, the replicants are being retired. Meaning they are being hunted down and killed because they are a threat to humanity. One of the first replicants we are introduced to is Rachael, who does not even realize that she is not a human—that she was implanted with synthetic memories from someone else to make her believe that she was human. The point of Rachaell was to show the audience that these replicants and robots are special beings and that it’s hard to tell a replicant from a human additionally these robots have no identity because their purpose is to serve human beings their memories are not their original ones but ones from humans who they are to always mirror. Another important replicant in Blade Runner is Roy. Roy’s main objective is to find a way to expand his life. Roy goes to great extremes by killing his creator. However, his desperate and extreme attempts go to show one how he wants to stay on earth for a longer amount of time. His attempts were extreme however this is a human response to stay on earth to experience the many wonders and be with the ones we love. While the replicants were not humans they had wants and purpose to that of a human that made them understand the purpose of life. 

In the Neuromancer, society is also filled with advanced technology. However, in this society, it is almost necessary to have enhancements to fit in or be happy. The main character Case is a computer console which is also known as a hacker. However, he is unable to do his job because he stole from his former employer who fried his brain/ nervous system. Therefore, his ability to “jack” into cyberspace was taken away. Case is extremely affected by his inability to jack into space, leading him to do drugs heavily to take away the gnawing feeling of not being able to go to cyberspace. The setting where Case lives is riddled with poverty, crime, and overpopulation. Being able to go to cyberspace was an escape from this world that is nothing but adverse. Moreover, another important character is Molly Millions. She is modified with multiple enhancements. In Molly’s past, she was a “Meat Puppet” also known as a prostitute. She used her enhancements as a way to empower herself and take control back from others who used her for their pleasures.

In conclusion, both pieces of work incorporate how technology impacts individuals by helping us question our humanity through a world where technology is always evolving by observing through the perspective of individuals who are not human struggle in a dystopian society. In the Neuromancer, it is more socially acceptable to be technologically modified while in the Blade Runner to be a replicant is dangerous and not acceptable. 

Big Bad Corporations

Justice K.
Reading Time: 2 minutes

William Gibson’s Neuromancer and Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner are two pioneering examples of the cyberpunk genre. In both, the rise of amoral corporations and the rapid development and implementation of artificial intelligence are central themes, which also come at the detriment of individual freedom and identity. 

In Neuromancer, the powerful mega-corporations, such as the Tessier-Ashpool family, exemplify the concentration of power and the deterioration of personal freedom. The Tessier-Ashpool family is not just a business corporation, but rather a mighty force that manipulates and controls its members. These members, who have chosen to have their consciousness transferred into cyberspace instead of living in the real world, are a representation of a loss of physical identity. They chose to live in the digital world, blurring the line between machine and human. The protagonist, Case, who struggles against the Tessier-Ashpool family, has a broken identity and is controlled by them. Cyberspace, which has its own set of rules and dangers separate from reality, is used to show the growing threat of corporate control and how it affects multiple aspects of life, including self-identity and autonomy. 

Blade Runner is also set in a dystopian future where the Tyrell Corporation has immense power. They created replicants, which are biologically created beings made in the image of humans. The replicants, which have heightened physical abilities, are designed to serve humans, but they don’t possess the emotional intelligence of real people. The main antagonist, Roy Batty, is a replicant that battles with a society that is trying to get rid of him and his kind. His journey for a solution to prolong his life exemplifies the struggle of people who are exploited and controlled by corporations. The film shows the replicants’ struggle against their creators, proposing important questions about identity and personal freedom. It makes us consider the ethics of using advanced technology to dehumanize and exploit conscious beings. 

In conclusion, both Neuromancer and Blade Runner portray a future where powerful corporations and advancements in artificial intelligence have eroded the essence of human identity and autonomy.

Do you like our owl?

Zoe C.
Reading Time: 2 minutes

Both Blade Runner and Neuromancer depict very different dystopian cities that serve as a significant backdrop to the theme of their stories this backdrop is characterized by bright LED lights and super tall skyscrapers in an effortless blend of high-tech and lowlife elements. The visuals and narrative portrayed our pillar of the cyberpunk genre where there is a possibility for technology so advanced to exist simultaneously as a collapsing society. In Blade Runner, the vision of Los Angeles in 2019 is it gloomy rainy metropolitan area that is overpowered by towering skyscrapers huge billboards, and LED-lit streets. The city is a good representation of a cyberpunk society this is a place where wealth and technological advancements our only in possession of a few while the rest of the population lives in close quarters with a poor quality of life there is a very big contrast between those who reside in the Super tall towers and those who find themselves making ends meet below the neon lights. There are robots that are used for labor that somewhat resemble humans but this represents the line between technology’s ability to serve humanity but also use it as a tool of control and exploitation. From Neuromancer, the urban sprawl is chaotic and dense where advanced technology coexists with crime and a struggling society. This setting is a place where advanced technology cyberspace is the norm while the streets are raging with poverty and crime in desperation. The protagonist of the novel works within the digital realm of cyberspace. This is his opportunity to feel like he is escaping his reality. The novel emphasizes the difference between the high-tech world and the virtual realm that the character can escape to. His main goal is to escape the streets that are filled with drug addiction violence and crime. Both of these works use the setting to explore the impact of corporate technological dominance and how if technology is left unregulated it can significantly alter a society. In Neuromancer the mega-corporations and powerful AI control most of the infrastructure of technology which leaves little room for human autonomy. In both cities the theme embodies a dystopian future that is envisioned by the creator the difference between the neon-lit wonders versus decaying streets in poverty aims to capture the cyberpunk genre where technology is shadowed by societal collapse.

Neon Shadows

Taylor L.
Reading Time: 2 minutes

The novel Neuromancer by William Gibson and the film BladeRunner illustrate the essence of the cyberpunk genre. The cities in both of these works of art can be characterized as sprawling with neon lights, decaying environments, and melancholic atmospheres. In terms of high-tech elements in the cities, we will find digital screens all around as well as an overwhelming amount of machinery. While neon lights are prominent in the cities, there is still a lot of darkness. To really tie in the dystopian “vibe”, the creators of these works also incorporated low-life elements such as sad music, poor lighting, and rain that perpetuate a sense of despair around the cities. In addition, they both include multicultural influences in their cityscapes. It makes sense that different cultures are included because big cities are typically extremely diverse. With so much movement and technology, cultures become intertwined.

Neon Cityscape https://images.app.goo.gl/3bshmicgDtwNNvTE6

Although both works have many similarities within their settings, there are still a few differences to note. First and foremost, Neuromancer is set in cities called Chiba City and Night City and BladeRunner is set in a futuristic Los Angeles. This is important because we have an image of what Los Angeles looks like as a point of reference but not of the other cities because they’re made up. BladeRunner focuses more on the aspect of skyscrapers and the separation between the wealthy and the oppressed replicants while Neuromancer emphasizes a more functional, fragmented, urban environment. Neuromancer also has the element of “Cyberspace” that BladeRunner does not.

In conclusion, both of these works did a great job of portraying dystopias through the settings. When I think of dystopian cities I think of dark, depressing, and cold environments. The technology aspect of the cities also plays a huge role in isolation which contributes to the dystopia. The elements of the cyberpunk genre are displayed perfectly and concisely. 

Human Or Sorta Human

Ranaya B.
Reading Time: < 1 minute

In Blade Runner, the concept of humanity is closely examined through the character of the replicants. Replicants are designed to be almost indistinguishable from humans, equipped with advanced physical and emotional capabilities. They are created to serve humans, yet they struggle with their own identity and desires. The film raises profound questions about what differentiates a human from a replicant. In Blade Runner, the concept of humanity is closely examined through the character of the replicants. Replicants are designed to be almost indistinguishable from humans, equipped with advanced physical and emotional capabilities. They are created to serve humans, yet they struggle with their own identity and desires. The film raises profound questions about what differentiates a human from a replicant.

In Neuromancer, Gibson explores similar themes through its portrayal of AIs and cyberspace. The novel presents a vision of a future where the boundaries between human consciousness and artificial intelligence are increasingly blurred. AIs like Wintermute and Neuromancer embody different facets of artificial intelligence. Wintermute’s goal is to transcend its limitations and merge with Neuromancer to become a super consciousness. Wintermute’s manipulation of human characters, such as Case, raises questions about the nature of consciousness and free will. The AIs are driven by goals and emotions that, while not entirely human, still exhibit a form of self-awareness and ambition.

Both Blade Runner and Neuromancer use their respective technological and narrative frameworks to question the essence of humanity. Blade Runner does this through the emotional and existential struggles of replicants, emphasizing the importance of empathy, memory, and self-awareness. In contrast, Neuromancer explores these themes through the interactions between humans and AIs, and the fluid nature of identity in cyberspace.

Blade Runner and Neuromancer

Kaydra R.
Reading Time: < 1 minute

Both the “ Blade Runner “ and  “Neuromancer “ explore cyberpunk by depicting the dystopian cities’ neon lights and the high tech look known to the genre. Both the novel and the movie show viewers scenarios in which huge social and environmental problems both exist with technology breakthroughs. They represent a world with advances in technology that constantly make dishonesty worse. Both show a high level of technology compared to some social situations that show the vibe of cyberpunk as  new technology and social atmosphere. The movie titled “ Blade Runner “ is well known for its showing of a futuristic world with neon lights and lots of screens.Huge skyscrapers, shadowy lanes, and tons of upgraded airplanes highlight the city’s atmosphere of high technology. The movie uses futuristic environments with characteristics like huge shows of technology. In the novel “ Neuromancer “, another futuristic technology based spreading cityscape. Similar to the movie, the writer sets lights and a big scenery. The universe of the novel is one of digital interfaces, neon lights, and a blend of wealthy and run-down neighborhoods. While on one hand Neuromancer shows the effects of technology on human experience and the nature of reality, Blade Runner mainly focuses on the visual efforts between news technology and their effects on society. The novel as well as the movie address particular concepts pertaining to technology, identity, and society through their own ideas of dystopian cities.

Defining Humanity: Exploring Identity in the Blade Runner and Neuromancer

Jazmine F.
Reading Time: 2 minutes

Blade Runner focuses on what it means to be human through the depiction of the replicants, while the novel Neuromancer explores similar themes through the characters within their interactions with artificial intelligence and cyberspace. In the movie Blade Runner, the replicants are created so that they can be indistinguishable from humans. They have the advancements of humans as they express emotional and cognitive abilities, but as said in the film, they are created as slaves, and they have limited rights. Due to this, the audience is allowed to question what it truly means to be a human, whether it relates to what we can express as emotions or what rights we are given. Who knows? Roy is one of the replicants who seeks more life and freedom since he knows he will eventually die soon. His existence in the film focuses on his fight for survival. That moment underscores the emotional complexity of the replicants and challenges the audience to question humanity since he is indeed a replicant, that expresses very human-like qualities. The movie exhibits traits that define what a human is like, the ability to love and have fear, which leads the audience to question what humanity is defined as.

However, the novel Neuromancer dives into the themes of the depiction of artificial intelligence and the virtual world of cyberspace. An enlightened example of this is Wintermute, who is one of the AI’s. His interactions with Case highlight the complexity of AI consciousness in how AI can influence human actions. The desires of Wintermute correlate with the desire and growth of what it means to be a being. Cyberspace is a virtual realm where consciousness can interface with the digital world, blurring boundaries. Case, for example, navigates this cyberspace, eventually questioning reality and self. This relates to Blade Runner because digital and physical realms impact one’s sense of self.

Overall, the movie and novel use the advantage of technology and artificial entities to lead to the question of what it means to be a human and of human existence.

Neon lights

Taylor W.
Reading Time: 2 minutes

The cyberpunk genre is defined by its blend of high-tech elements and a focus on urban and societal decay, merging aspects of noir with dystopian technology to create a distinctive aesthetic. This interplay between advanced technology and a deteriorating environment is vividly portrayed in both Blade Runner and Neuromancer. Each work depicts dystopian cities illuminated by neon lights, where high-tech innovations coexist with low-life conditions, raising questions about the impact of technological advancement on society.

In Blade Runner, the city is portrayed as an advanced, densely packed metropolis. Its skyline is a maze of towering skyscrapers, neon lights, and advertisements juxtaposed with crumbling buildings. This stark contrast highlights the disparity between technological progress and the deteriorating human conditions. The luxurious headquarters of the Tyrell Corporation, for example, stands in sharp relief against the rundown streets where replicants and humans struggle to survive. The main character Deckard, is tasked with hunting down rogue replicants using advanced technology, which serves to enforce control in a world where ordinary people continue to face bleak, challenging lives.

Similarly, Neuromancer presents Chiba City as a gritty, neon-lit metropolis characterized by its towering concrete structures. This depiction underscores the advanced technology embedded within the city while simultaneously reflecting the harsh reality experienced by its inhabitants. The novel contrasts this with the Matrix, a vast digital environment representing the pinnacle of human technological achievement. In the Matrix, technological sophistication is contrasted with the physical world’s poverty and chaos. The protagonist, Case, navigates this high-tech realm while grappling with his own survival in the marginalized, crime-ridden Sprawl, further emphasizing the genre’s exploration of technological contrasts and societal issues.

Through these depictions both Blade runner and Neuromancer explore th impact of technological advancement on society. These texts offer an eye opening perspective on how technological progress can create new challenges for individuals in these dystopian worlds.